Approach Three
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Building Ownership and Empowerment

Approaches that affirm young people’s agency, prioritise active participation and are grounded in the right to tino rangatiratanga.15

Building ownership and empowerment starts from the position that ownership of youth development processes and outcomes lie with rangatahi, whānau, hapū, iwi and hapori, with the aim of supporting people to enable their own development.

Respectful relationships provide the foundation for working in empowering ways, requiring us to think about what it means to work alongside rather than ‘on’ people; journeying with people. When we work in this way people and communities are seen as ‘experts in their own lives’.

Outside expertise and organisations may be needed or helpful in supporting young people but the process is not invested in the organisation, rather it is invested in the people they are working with.

Building ownership and empowerment starts from the position that ownership of youth development processes and outcomes lie with rangatahi, whānau, hapū, iwi and hapori, with the aim of supporting people to enable their own development.

  • Acknowledging and working with where young people are at.
  • Sharing power.
  • Acknowledging young people for their strengths, experiences and perspectives.
  • Enabling young people to exercise the core competencies required to be self-determining adults.
  • Recognising that young people have the ability to make decisions that affect their lives and to direct their own development.
  • Being responsive to the voice of young people, their views, and their experiences.
  • Providing the space and support for active participation.
  • Ensuring young people have opportunities to have meaningful input into decisions that affect them.
  • Advocating for appropriate resources and support to be available to enable young people to direct their own development.

While many of these points have been explained in previous sections, the three elements of participation, power and agency, and advocacy are crucial to building ownership and empowerment and are covered in more detail below.

Participation

Young people’s participation in community and youth organisations should be valued:

1. for the key role it plays in building ownership and empowerment; and

2. because it enhances the inclusiveness of the organisations by being open to young people’s viewpoints and responses to challenging issues [40].

Youth participation is an evolving practice. There are many models of youth participation that are written from particular contexts and disciplines. We need to understand the contexts in which the models we use have been developed, so that we do not unconsciously reinforce systemic bias.

Youth participation needs to centre on the development of the young person, recognising their right to participate in decisions that affect them. As a signatory to the United Nations Charter on the Rights of the Child (2009) [41] all New Zealanders should be supporting child and youth participation. Lundy (2007) [42] talks about the right to have a voice and the responsibility of organisations to give young people an audience and give their views weight.

The journey of youth participation should be a Positive Youth Development (PYD) journey providing young people with opportunities to develop their skills, competency and confidence along the way.

This way of viewing participation may challenge some of our methods of interacting with and gathering the views of young people and community members. For instance, the empowerment of young people and communities is limited if the only opportunities for them to participate are ‘one off’ or short-term consultation processes. In youth development, work participation primarily occurs through respectful relationship building which requires time and reciprocity, as partnership building is a relational process. Examples of barriers include, but are not limited to; a lack of resources and time to be able to participate; barriers to being able to attend meetings such as location of meetings and transport; cultural barriers such as language and accessibility and the methods which we use to gather diverse community voices.

Most importantly participation should be more than a procedural ‘tick box’ exercise. To be truly empowering, participation in systems and organisations should lead to:

  • The development of programmes and activities that are informed by the people who they are intended for, including youth and community identified needs, priorities and goals.
  • Actual and tangible benefits for rangatahi, whānau, hapū, iwi and hapori that are meaningful for them.
  • Resources being directed towards and invested ‘on the ground’ in our communities, particularly towards young people themselves and our frontline services and practitioners who are working within and alongside communities.
  • Funders and decision makers giving realistic consideration to resources required, to enable rangatahi, whānau, hapū, iwi and hapori to develop themselves sustainably.

“The only power people really have is the right to speak and assert their mana so don’t be shy to stand up and say who you are.”
Tame Iti – Ngāi Tūhoe and Mana Motuhake advocate

2 Tūrangawaewae can be broken into two words: tūranga (standing place) and waewae (feet). A person’s Tūrangawaewae is their ‘place to stand’, where they feel connected and empowered. Often a person’s Tūrangawaewae is their home.

Whānau
The importance of whānau as a key protective factor for rangatahi is well documented in research and Māori models of wellbeing [5]. These models illustrate the value of whānau, relationships with parents, siblings and cousins and the support and nurture from several generations of extended whānau, hapū and iwi.The contribution the extended whānau makes to the wellbeing of a young person can often be invisible or undervalued [6].
Whakapapa
Whakapapa is traditionally used to describe genealogical ancestral lineages and connections to, and interconnection between, whānau, hapū and iwi [7]. Whakapapa captures the stories of descendants, their connection to waka, whenua and specific geographical features within that region such as awa/moana, maunga, marae/whare tupuna, and the events that have shaped history [8]. Whakapapa shapes a young person’s identity and belonging, it is the back story of their existence, their place in the present, their connection to the past and the future.
Whenua
Central to Māori identity is the importance of whenua. In this context, whenua means not just the land, but the stories, histories and connections embedded in that place. The significance of whenua is reflected in the term ‘tāngata whenua’ people of the land [9]. Many young Māori have become disconnected from their whenua through urbanisation and colonisation, finding their tūrangawaewae is an important part of strengthening cultural identity.
Power and agency

Power and agency are another key part of ownership and empowerment. As previously outlined, agency is the method by which individuals and groups of people exercise influence over the decisions that affect them. Think about the things that enable and constrain people to be able to act in a certain way and have influence over things that affect them. For example, think about the interactions between a young person and an organisation:

  • Who gets to make decisions about issues that affect the young person?
  • Who gets a say in what informs these decisions?
  • Where is the voice of the young person in decisions that affect them?
  • Where is the voice of the young person’s whānau in decisions that affect them?
  • Is decision making being shared and if so, with who and how? The outcomes of decisions that are made can also tell us a lot about how power and agency are present in a context. Reflecting on these questions before and after decisions are made can help us better share power and acknowledge agency:
  • What actions were taken and how did these affect the young person and their whānau?
  • What are young people’s and whānau views about how helpful these actions and outcomes were?
  • Where did resources end up being invested and allocated?

It is also important to think about the ways in which power impacts on each of the different contexts of young people’s lives. This includes larger societal contexts such as cultural systems and the media; organisational contexts such as young people’s interactions with youth services; schools and workplaces; and in young people’s everyday interactions with others. Rangatahi, their whānau, hapū, iwi and hapori are impacted daily by these different sites of power where decisions are made about and for them.

Power is not experienced in the same way by everyone. Some contexts may be more empowering for some people and groups of people compared to others. Larger social, political and historical factors play a big part in this. In Aotearoa New Zealand this requires us to consider issues such as the ongoing impact of colonisation on Māori, structural racism, and those groups of people who are marginalised, stigmatised, and discriminated against by dominant societal values. Research shows that these larger issues have a significant influence on the experience and outcomes that different young people, their whānau and families have in systems such as education and employment [43].

Advocacy

Advocacy is a crucial part of youth development and necessary for building ownership and empowerment. Sometimes the larger systems that we work in limit our ability to share power. PYD practice often involves finding ways to work in empowering ways with young people and their whānau within the constraints of the context. However, it is important for all who work with or for young people to, where possible, advocate for changes to systems and contexts which are disempowering. This includes advocating to address significant social issues that affect the ability of rangatahi and their whānau, hapū, iwi and hapori to support themselves such as income inequality, poverty, housing and lack of educational and employment opportunities.

While it can be an important task to advocate for young people and their communities, all who work with or for young people also need to create spaces and opportunities to allow rangatahi, whānau, hapū, iwi and hapori to advocate for themselves.

It’s about acknowledging that youth development is not limited to facilitating change for people but recognising that rangatahi, and their whānau, hapū, iwi and hapori are ctive participants in processes for individual and collective social change. People who work with or for young people can support this through identifying resources that are needed, such as training to enable young people to advocate for themselves. This often involves the need to shift where power is held into the hands of rangatahi and their whānau, hapū, iwi and hapori.

Empowerment, ownership, and respectful relationships are tied together in supporting the positive development of young people. Communicating to young people that you recognise their strengths and their ability to grow and develop these, is essential to positive development. Respectful relationships place ownership for youth development processes with rangatahi and their whānau, hapū, iwi and hapori and seeks to support and empower them in realising their own development.

Diagram 19: Approach three – Building Ownership and Empowerment
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Reflective Questions

One

How can you and your organisation ensure that young people have meaningful involvement in decisions that affect them? What opportunities do young people have to express their voice and agency?

Two

How can you and your organisation ensure that whānau, hapū, iwi and hapori have meaningful involvement in decisions that affect them? What opportunities do they have to express their voice and agency?

Three

How are you and your organisation putting into practice the principles of Te Tiriti o Waitangi (participation, partnership, protection). How is this evident in your policies and practices?

Four

How is power present in your relationships with young people and whānau? How do you acknowledge and manage this?

Five

How can you and your organisation use your power to advocate for changes in broader society to ensure that all rangatahi and their whānau, hapū, iwi and hapori have access to the resources and opportunities eeded to support positive development?

Emma
Case study five –

Emma talks about her involvement in the youth-led climate change and schools strike in Christchurch.

This involvement had a positive impact on Emma as an emerging leader, and the other young people who shared their voice and support.
Read the case study

Further reading

Delve deeper into The PYDA